Cortisol (adjustment)

The hormone cortisol is a steroid-type (derived from cholesterol) produced by the adrenal glands, which belongs to the category of glucocorticoids, which includes the corticosterone (less active).
The pharmacological equivalent of cortisol, which is synthesized, it is the cortisone, a drug that is used to treat allergies and inflammation, as well as for cases of failure of cortisol.

The cortisol is often called "stress hormone" because its production increases in conditions of physical and psychological stress severe. The levels of circulating cortisol increase tantissimo after very intense exercise or surgery. Its function is to inhibit all the bodily functions are not essential in the short term and to ensure maximum support to the vital organs.

The increase or decrease in cortisol, respectively, indicating an excess or lack of adrenal glands. Not necessarily, the imbalance is indicative of an adrenal gland problem, though. An increase is normal in women during pregnancy or if you take the pill. In addition to increased levels of cortisol may be caused by pituitary tumors, chronic renal failure, hyperthyroidism, treatment with corticosteroids (such as cortisone) or estrogens, stress, smoking, methadone, ethyl alcohol, exercise, anorexia nervosa, denutrizione.I cortisol values decrease, however, in hepatitis, nephrotic syndrome, nell'ipotiroidismo and multiple myeloma.
Diseases related to dysfunction of the adrenal glands and, therefore, to an excessive or insufficient production of cortisol, respectively, Cushing's syndrome and Addison's disease.

Cushing's syndrome can be caused by:
Proliferation of adrenal tissue: in turn caused by excessive production of ACTH by of ipofisi, return to alterations of the function of ipofisi, of ipofisi cancer, or a non-endocrine tumors (such as a lung cancer )
Surrenalitici tumors: adenoma (benign) or carcinoma (malignant)
Drugs: prolonged treatment and high doses of cortisone or ACTH

Addison's disease is carried over to:
an auto-immune attack of the adrenal gland (approximately 70% of cases)
produced by TB granuloma that destroys the adrenal gland
tumors or lymphomas
adrenal hemorrhage or infarction
fungal infection or AIDS
radiation
brain surgery
of adrenal hypoplasia congenita (congenital disease characterized inability of the adrenal glands respond to ACTH  ormone product d ipofisi)

Cortisol

Key Features:

controls the metabolism of sugars, fats and proteins
induces the increase of insulin
induces an increase in cardiac output and, therefore, is important in regulating blood pressure
reduces the immune system and, therefore, the inflammatory reactions
acts by decreasing the synthesis of collagen and bone matrix, accelerating osteoporosis

Diseases:
Addison's disease (inadequate production of cortisol):
inability to respond to any situation of stress, both physiological and pathological
asthenia, fatigue and orthostatic hypotension
anorexia and weight loss
skin hyperpigmentation
attacks and dizziness sincopali
nervous disorders such as irritability, anxiety, and apathy, and difficulty concentrating
abdominal pain with nausea, vomiting and diarrhea
amenorrhea
alopecia

Cushing syndrome (excess production of cortisol):
face-to-full moon
Facial flushing
Obesity localized predominantly at the level of the face and of addome
accumulation of fat at the top of the back
progressive weight loss of limbs
reddish striae at of addome
reduced muscle mass and loss of strength
headache
backache
acne, seborrhoea
increased thirst and release of urine
impotence
menstrual abnormalities
Osteoporosis
hypertension
growth disturbances in children
thin skin
increase of unwanted hair on face and body (hirsutism) in women
hyperglycaemia
reduced libido

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